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WineEast Winemaking result of keeving and temperatures below 60°F, fermentation of French ciders is extremely slow and may take as long as a year to finish. The goal of keeving is to remove nutrients from the juice to ensure a slow fermentation into a cider that can be bottled with some residual sweetness without the occurrence of refermentation after bottling. French cider is frequently bottled in Champagne-style bottles with deep punts and mushroom corks held in place by wire cages. Because the cider is bottled before fermentation is totally finished, it has a natural sweetness from the residual sugar and also higher levels of carbonation. American cider Most of the apples in the United States today are grown for dessert and culinary purposes. As a result, many of those varieties are not suitable for cider production; they lack the tannins, acid and astringency to make a flavorful cider. However, as the popularity of cider has increased, so has the demand for apple varieties whose only function is to provide juice for hard cider. These cider apples often are small, unattractive, hard, bitter and astringent, but those qualities translate into interesting and distinct hard ciders. Gary Awdey, president of the Great Lakes Cider & Perry Association, noted at the Eastern Winery Exposition's Cider Workshop that while some American cider apples are more tannic than the culinary apples, the level of astringency in American apples is generally much lower than that of English and French bittersweet and bittersharp cider apples. Consequently, even when blends are made of juice from culinary apples and cider apples, cider in this country tends to be more on the sweet side. American hard cider is defined not so much by a particular style or styles, but by the way the cider is produced. As in England, larger companies in the United States make "macro cider," often using non-traditional ingredients and processes, S a le s Company – Mist Sprayers – Motor Models available American Made We offer a complete line of low volume mist blowers. Low Maintenance High Performance Excellent for spraying: VINEYARDS, vegetables, orchards, nurseries, Christmas trees, mosquitoes, cattle, chicken houses, etc. For free brochure contact: EasternWineLab_Mar09.qxp 1/22/09 9:47 AM Page 1 Swihart Sales Co. 7240 County Road AA, Quinter, KS 67752 References available in your area 785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 www.swihart-sales.com EASTERN WINE LABS Serving the Analytical needs of East Coast Wineries WWW.EASTERNWINELABS.COM Ph 609-859-4302 Cell 609-668-2854 chemist@easternwinelabs.com AOAC Member 80 W in e s & V i ne s J U LY 2 0 13 Bird Netting