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80 WINES&VINES October 2016 GRAPEGROWING WINE EAST Wine Packaging by Packaging Designed & Manufactured by a Wine Maker, for a Wine Maker 4138 Vineyard Road Stewartstown, PA 17363 Tel: 800-292-3370 Fax: 717-993-9460 Phone: 717-993-2431 Naylor Wine Cellars is a lifetime member of Wine America, Pennsylvania Wine Assoc, Ohio Wine Producers and NY Wine & Grape Foundation WPN is a premier supplier to over 2,000 wineries and wine & spirits shops. Our auto bottom carriers & shippers are the perfect sturdy solution for your retail & online sales! www.NaylorPackaging.com Features & Benefits - Extra sturdy construction for the most protection - Quick & easy to pack & set up - Folds to conform to many different bottles - Trademarked design - Bio-degradable - Quick delivery from our stock - Lies flat for easy storage - Takes up half the space of comparative packages - Tested & approved by UPS and Federal Express as a preferred method of shipping bottles - Custom imprinting and packaging is available to display your logo, enhancing your brand image PARTIAL BUDGET ANALYSIS COMPARING IMPACT OF UNDERVINE GROUNDCOVER ON YIELD AND MANAGEMENT COSTS, 2011-13 Treatment a Cost of undervine groundcover maintenance ($/ha) Yield (t/ha) Crop value ($/ha) Crop value minus cost of undervine groundcover maintenance ($/ha) Reduced revenue compared to GLY a ($/ha) 2011 GLY $548 11.6 $15,985 15,437 a b – CULT $1,036 10.8 $14,882 13,846 ab $1,590 NV $84 10.4 $14,331 14,247 ab $1,190 WC $169 8.4 $11,575 11,406 b $4,031 p value c – – – 0.011 – 2012 GLY $548 10.2 $14,198 13,650 a – CULT $1,036 5.6 $7,795 6759 b $6,891 NV $84 5.2 $7,238 7154 b $6,496 WC $169 6.0 $8,352 8183 b $5,467 p value c – – – <0.001 – 2013 GLY $548 15.3 $22,200 21,652 a – CULT $1,036 13.0 $18,863 17,827 bc $3,825 NV $84 12.0 $17,412 17,328 c $4,324 WC $169 14.7 $21,330 21,161 ab $491 p value c – – – 0.001 – a Treatment: GLY = glyphosate, CULT = cultivation, NV = native vegetation, WC = white clover. b Lowercase letters indicate a separation of treatments by a Tukey HSD test at a 5% significance level. c P value for the fixed variable "groundcover treatment" in a mixed model ANOVA. © American Society for Enology and Viticulture. AJEV 67:269-280. information gained from the research trial and grower cost estimates (see table "Partial Budget Analysis Comparing Impact of Under- vine Groundcover on Yield and Management Costs, 2011-13"). 9 In this study, establishing and maintaining white clover or native veg- etation was a cheaper under-trellis ground- cover option than repeated soil cultivation or glyphosate applications. However, vines main- tained with herbicide (glyphosate) generated the highest revenue because of their higher yield. Thus, the yield penalty associated with vines growing with under-trellis cover crops was the cause of reduced grower's income. 9 The decrease in yield of cover-cropped vines was exacerbated by their young age; the vines were four years old when cover crops were established under the trellis. Outcomes could definitely change if crop yield is maintained or only slightly reduced, or if other cover crops are used. Compared to white clover (seeding rate: 5 pounds per acre), creeping red fescue can be more expensive to establish because of its higher seeding rates, as much as 220 pounds per acre. 13 However, fescue can persist for more than four years, while white clover would need to be reseeded every two to three years. 13 These figures should be used only as an ex- ample because there are many variables that could change the outcomes, 13 and growers in- terested in experimenting with under-trellis cover crops should develop their own cost analy- sis. Also, vigor suppression associated with under-trellis cover crops may result in reduction of costly canopy management operations. For grapegrowers managing vigorous vine- yards and interested in reducing pesticide input, complete vineyard floor cover could be a viable option. However, to avoid an undesir- able decline in pruning weight, vine nutrient deficiency or water stress, it is recommended that the grower monitor pruning weight and Ravaz index on sentinel vines. It is also impor- tant to assess vine nutrient status annually and be prepared to apply fertilizer efficiently, if needed. In a dry season growers should look closely for visual symptoms of vine water stress. To avoid over-devigorating the vines, it may be possible to start with an "aggressive" cover crop and switch after a few years, when vine balance is achieved, to a less competitive cover crop species. Dr. Michela Centinari is an associate professor of viti- culture in the Department of Plant Science at Pennsyl- vania State University in State College, Pa. The references for this article are available online at winesandvines.com. This equipment performs under-trellis mowing us- ing a single-head mower. This mower has two mowing heads as well as a row middle mower. ALICE WISE / CORNELL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION