Issue link: http://winesandvines.uberflip.com/i/235941
WineEast reporting tools have helped scientists increase their understanding of pest ecology. Further, the development and utilization of integrated pest management approaches have added much to viticulture—especially for vineyards employing more ecologically sustainable methods. These have resulted in improved responses of vine growth, fruit ripening, and yield and vine survival. L inda J ones McK ee History of hybrids Like so much in viticulture and enology, the history of grapevine hybrids began in France. In the mid-20th century Phillip Wagner (1955) presented a paper at the annual meeting of the American Society for Enology and Viticulture titled "The French Hybrids." The impact of that presentation was congruent with a change in cultivars used for wine in the Great Lakes region of North America. The change was a shift from strongly flavored cultivars with primary genetic background in labrusca to cultivars of a mixed-species background capable of producing table wines (Schiller, 2010). An example of this shift was observed in Michigan. In 1970, 95% of wines produced were from labrusca-based cultivars Concord, Niagara and Delaware; by 1990, less than 5% of wines were produced from these varieties. The issues influencing this shift relate to the national evolution of the appreciation of wine to accompany meals. Boordy Vineyards in Hydes, Md., grows Chambourcin (above), Seyval and Vidal Blanc in addition to several types of vinifera. Although much of North America was not and is still not the most wine-friendly culture, the American experience with European culture and its wines during the first five decades of the 20th century led to an expanded appreciation for table wines. This interest in table wines, while severely retarded by the U.S. government policy of Prohibition during the 1920s, was later reinforced by experiences during the 1930s and '40s, particularly through the exposure of American military personnel during World War II. GREEN GRAPE HOE Basic Hoe comes with a Hillup and a Takeaway Blade. Additional attachments include .3 Tooth Cultivator, Undercutter Blade, Rotary head, " NEW " Rolling Cultivator and "Vine Auger". The Green Hoe Company, Inc. 6645 West Main Road, Portland, NY 14769 PHONE (716) 792-9433 FAX (716) 792-9434 WWW.GREENHOECOMPANY.COM 138 W in e s & V i ne s JANUARY 20 14 digital printing flexo printing screen printing embossing hot & cold foil specialty papers 716.542.3000 • WWW.NIAGARALABEL.COM