Issue link: http://winesandvines.uberflip.com/i/235941
that resulted in resistance or tolerance. The initial solution was to graft the desired vinifera scion cultivars to the roots of native American grape species, primarily V. riparia (Riparia Gloire) and V. rupestris (Rupestris du Lot, syn R. St. George). There was, however, one important concern: The low soil pH-adapted riparia and rupestris rootstocks performed poorly on alkaline soils such as those in Graves (Galet, 2000; Wilson, 1999) and Cognac (Koscica, 2004). The Texas grape botanist T.V. Munson (1909) observed Vitis Berlandieri growing on alkali flats in Texas and northern Mexico (Galet, 1979) and proposed the species as a potential solution. V. Berlandieri was very difficult to root and to graft, so crosses with more congenial species were necessary (Schmid et al., 2008), including the use of vinifera. However, rootstocks with vinifera parentage have been found to lack adequate phylloxera resistance after long trial (Pongracz, 1988) and, more recently, in California (Gale, 2010). More successful results of vine grafting to phylloxera-resistant rootstocks rapidly followed, with employment of native American Vitis species of consequence (V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. Berlandieri, V. cordifolia, V. longii, V. champini, and others). Currently, the most commonly used rootstocks worldwide are the result of selections or crossings of riparia, rupestris and Berlandieri. Development of protective sprays for fungal diseases After many trial and error attempts to find a way to protect of vines from fungal diseases, Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet discovered that Bordeaux mixture proved effective against the mildews. While the fungicide materials have changed, variants of the fungicide spray approach are those most often employed today. Still, spray protection has required a careful, wellplanned program. Spray effectiveness can be reduced by inclement weather, pest mutation and subsequent resistance or vine phytotoxicity to the spray material itself Ratio Vinifera/Hybrids (%) Grapegrowing Figure 2. Ratio (percentage) of acres of vinifera to hybrid grapes in key grapegrowing states of the eastern U.S. Elaborated from USDA-NASS (2010). (Bostanian, et al., 2012). Diverse parentage of hybrid vines has led to damage from new chemicals. Pest management efforts have been made more reliable through multiple improvements. New and varied spray compounds have reduced the development of pest resistance and precise weather monitoring, and online 2014 WINES & VINES DIRECTORY/BUYER'S GUIDE IN PRINT WITH ONLINE ACCESS. The most current and comprehensive guide to the wine and grape industry professionals, products and services in North America is now available. ORDER TODAY winesandvines.com/order Win es & Vin es JA N UA RY 20 14 137