Issue link: http://winesandvines.uberflip.com/i/987926
June 2018 WINES&VINES 29 VINEYARD VIEW to stop moving and instead form clumps. Lin- dow has observed that high concentrations of DSF causes abnormal behavior of Xf and re- duces its virulence in the vine. He is working on a way to get DSF into vines that might be adapted to commercial vineyard management. One idea would be to spray it on the vine in a formulation that would result in the DSF being absorbed and preventing the development of PD if the vine becomes infected with Xf. Another significant development occurred in 2009 when the legislation for the PD/GWSS assessment was expanded to include research and outreach on other important pests and diseases of wine grapes. To date research has been funded on the European Grape Vine Moth (EGVM), red blotch virus, leafroll viruses, fan- leaf virus, the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and the Vine Mealybug. One early success from this research is the development of a PCR assay for all variants of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) that soon will be available for virus screening of planting stock. While the PD/GWSS Board and assessment have led to important research, the PDCP also has generated its share of successes in PD/GWSS containment and management. When the PD/ GWSS problem's magnitude was realized in 1999, the potential for rapid spread of GWSS throughout California was huge, due to the large host range of GWSS and the concentration of production facilities in the infested areas of southern California that ship nursery stock throughout the state. While assessment funds were not used for containment efforts, some very key research was funded to develop procedures for these nurseries that reduced the cost of con- tainment and to work on pesticide-resistance strategies used in the containment program. Since the start of the PDCP, more than 2.56 million GWSS biological control agents have been released in agricultural, riparian and urban environments in California. In 2016, three spe- cies of egg parasites of GWSS (Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi, C. morgani, and C. morrilli) were reared at the CDFA Arvin Biological Control Facility in Kern County. C. ashmeadi and C. mor- gani are native to California, and C. morrilli was introduced from the southeastern United States and Mexico, the native range of GWSS. In 2016, the three species collectively parasitized ap- proximately 65% of GWSS eggs sampled in Fresno, Kern, Tulare, and Ventura counties. In general, the parasitism rate was low in spring but stayed above 50% during the rest of the season. The low parasitism rates and abundance of GWSS eggs in early spring suggest that it would be important to control overwintering GWSS adults before they lay eggs in the spring by integrating other control procedures. One final, less obvious success attributable to the PDCP is the development of a network of industry groups, government agencies, uni- versity researchers and Cooperative Extension agents that can react quickly and effectively to address emerging pest problems. The eradica- tion of EGVM in the North Coast of California, achieved in 2012, is an outstanding example. In conclusion, I feel the grower-supported PD/GWSS research program demonstrates that great advances can be made in viticulture when significant money is made available for basic and applied research in a consistent way. It attracts the best minds to address a problem and provides sufficient financial resources to perform the research in a timely manner to solve serious problems facing the winegrape industry. Cliff Ohmart, Ph.D., was a senior scientist for SureHar- vest for eight years and author of View from the Vineyard: A Practical Guide to Sustainable Wine Grape Growing. Previously he served as research/IPM director at the Lodi-Woodbridge Winegrape Commission. He has been writing about sustainable winegrowing issues for Wines & Vines since 1998. PDCP FACTS • Established within CDFA in 2000. • Its mission is to minimize the state- wide impact of PD and its vectors in California. • The program has five components: 1) Contain spread; 2) Statewide survey and detection; 3) Rapid response; 4) Outreach, and 5) Research. • It is a partnership that includes the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA), the County Agricul- tural Commissioners, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the University of California (UC), other state and local agencies, industry, and agricultural organizations throughout the state. • In 2016, about $22.3 million was spent on the combined PD/GWSS contain- ment and research program. • Grower assessment was established in 2001 to provide industry dollars for the program. • Assessment is currently $1.50 per $1,000 of the value of grapes; there is no winery assessment. • $5.5 million expected to be generated by the assessment this year; more than $55 million since its establishment. • Historical spending of assessment dollars: 60% basic research, 12.6% applied research; 8.25% administra- tion; 8% research-related services; 5.8% program support; 4.75% public outreach; 0.6% other designated pests and diseases. • The PD/GWSS Board, made up of 14 representatives from the winegrape in- dustry and one public member, advises the CDFA secretary on expenditures of assessment monies. • The PD Research Scientific Advisory Panel, made up of university scientists and research experts in areas directly related to PD and its vectors, advises the CDFA PD/GWSS Board on research proposals and ongoing projects. • A PD Advisory Task Force, made up of county agricultural commissioners, scientists, agricultural representatives and other experts, reviews program progress and develops recommenda- tions for the CDFA Secretary. • Annual call for research proposals that are reviewed by Ad Hoc Review Panels, PD Research Scientific Advisory Panel, the PD Research Screening Committee, and the PD/GWSS Board, with recom- mendations for funding made to the CDFA secretary. • Annual PD/GWSS Research Sympo- sium where researchers present prog- ress on currently funded projects. PIERCE'S DISEASE RESISTANT CLONES 97% vinifera 09356-235: (red clone) 50% Sylvaner, 12.5% Cabernet Sauvignon, Carignane, Chardonnay 09331-047: (red clone) 50% Zinfandel, 25% Petit Sirah, 12.5% Cabernet Sauvignon 09314-102: (white clone) 62.5% Cabernet Sauvignon, 12.5% Chardonnay and 12.5% Carignane 94% vinifera 07355-075: (red clone) 50% Petite Sirah, 25% Cabernet Sauvignon % vinifera not stated 09338-016: (white clone) 62.5% Cabernet Sauvignon, 12.5% Chardonnay and 12.5% Carignane