64 WINES&VINES March 2016 64 WINES&VINES March 2016
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GRAPEGROWING WINE EAST
areas or "frost pockets" where cold air will
collect. Mid-slope areas are less risky than low
areas, both in midwinter and in the spring or
fall. All else being equal, vineyards with
heavier, more poorly drained soils will be more
prone to winter injury than those on well-
drained, lighter soils.
Bud injury evaluation: The extent of bud
injury following a cold temperature event can
be evaluated by collecting dormant canes and
buds and examining them to determine
whether primary buds are alive or dead.
Guidelines for determining bud injury and a
video for evaluating bud injury before pruning
are available online.
Adjusting pruning severity: When the risk
of winter bud injury has passed, it may be nec-
essary to adjust the number of buds retained
after pruning to compensate for buds lost to
winter injury.
Other protection methods: Aerial "wind
machines" (powerful fans mounted on posts)
can be installed in vineyards and used during
temperature inversions to mix warmer above-
ground air with cold air, thus raising tempera-
tures above bud-injuring levels at the trellis.
Hilling-up soil over graft unions can protect
scion buds for re-establishing trunks following
a cold event that damages buds.
"Cold-sensitive V. vinifera cultivars may have
significant bud injury below -3° F, but buds of
cold-hardy varieties with V. riparia parentage can
survive winter lows of -30° F."
—Tim Martinson, Cornell University
