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WineEast respectively; and 2) Per-capita consumption fell among French wine drinkers (Anson, 2008). Hybrids having use as vin de table (now vin de France) and vin de pays (now Indication Geographic Protégé; IGP) were easy targets. U niversity of M innesota made it possible to grow the selections and cultivars successfully in geographic regions outside the established, delineated wine districts initially codified by the Bordeaux laws of 1855 and subsequently promulgated through most wine regions. This ability to produce wine in "nontraditional" wine regions, and at lower cost per ton (and thus per gallon) than in traditional regions, resulted in increased competition and set the stage for conflict. Competition rooted in these vine characteristics remains a concern in Europe today. There have been serious gluts of French wine, and active efforts have been taken to address it. In 1988 growers were paid to remove hybrid vines, and in the following five years 790,400 acres were removed from southern France and northern Italy (Anson, 2008). To put that into perspective, that area is equivalent to all U.S. vineyard acreage combined. Further excess production led Bordeauxbased ONIVINS to propose a goal of removing an additional 41,990 acres (or 14% of 306,280 total acres). The plan was Marquette, a complex hybrid, is a cousin of Frontenac and grandson of Pinot Noir. based on two considerations: 1) In 2004 alone, exports of Bordeaux wines to the U.S. and Britain declined 50% and 33%, As good As it gets. Toxicity of hybrids The English translation of Galet (1979) noted that early HDP cultivars came to France as the country's vineyards were being reconstructed following devastation from phylloxera and other vine diseases. The early selections included Isabella, Clinton, Noah, Othello, Black Spanish and Herbemont. These grapes were predominantly hybrids of the Vitis species labrusca, aestivalis and riparia with occasional vinifera, and they were quickly rejected for unacceptable fruit and wine flavors. Breeding efforts continued, and both vine performance and fruit and wine quality improved. As a result, more than 900,000 acres of these cultivars were planted in France by 1958 (Galet, 1971). The disease Sales American Made We offer a complete line of low volume mist blowers. Low Maintenance High Performance Excellent for spraying: VINEYARDS, vegetables, orchards, nurseries, Christmas trees, mosquitoes, cattle, chicken houses, etc. For free brochure contact: Swihart Sales Co. 7240 County Road AA, Quinter, KS 67752 Natural Corks Champagne Corks Twinline Corks Bartops VISION® Wine Stopper G-Cap® Screw Cap 140 W in e s & V i ne s JANUARY 20 14 Sales Representatives Chris & Liz Stamp info@lakewoodcork.com Lakewood Cork 4024 State Route 14 Watkins Glen, NY 14891 lakewoodcork.com 607-535-9252 607-535-6656 Fax Company – Mist Sprayers – Motor Models available References available in your area 785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 www.swihart-sales.com