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May 2015 P R A C T I C A L W I N E R Y & V I N E YA R D 75 P A C K A G I N G also has been found in wine stoppers and wines stored in steel, wood and plastic vats, glass bottles and Tetra Paks (mean concentration 0.58 ng/mL). 3 Bisphenols and phthalates are present in disposable laboratory plasticware such as pipette tips. Other additives such as oleamide and biocides have been found to leach from laboratory polypropylene disposable plasticware that affected pro- tein function in biological research. 26 Therefore plastic contamination presents significant data compromise challenges. Similar to materials used in winemak- ing, laboratories can seek manufacturers that disclose information on the addi- tives content as well as leachable reaction components used in the manufacture of their plastics. Regardless, researchers may still need to confirm the absence of effects or account for them in their assay methods and results. Conclusions Plastics and their additives, including those that cause health concerns, are ubiquitous in the environment and in food and beverage processing and pack- aging materials. There are numerous opportunities for wine to leach additives from plastics. Reported work has shown some wines contain certain plasticizers at concentrations that are prohibitory in some markets. Wine producers should be aware of the possible sources of plastic additives, the potential for these to accumulate in their products and health concerns and regulations regarding their presence in the "most healthful and hygienic of bev- erages," (Louis Pasteur). Improved transparency from manu- facturers regarding potential leachates in their products would be helpful as well as increased availability and afford- ability of alternatives such as bio-based or additive-free plastics. Other issues to be aware of include plastic permeability to gases such as oxygen, as well as permeability and adsorption/flavor scalping potential of low molecular weight flavor and aroma compounds that could impact the qual- ity of the product that comes into contact with plastics. Some plastic ingredients may also be objectionable to various market groups such as those that follow certain reli- gious or personal guidelines. HACCP approaches that identify and prevent potential hazards (including marketing hazards) from occurring may lead to safer products and better customer trust, marketability and ultimately sales of a winery's product. PWV Bibliography 1. Amerine, M.A., and M.A. Joslyn. 1970 Table Wines: The Technology of Their Production. University of California Press. 2. Barrett, K. 2008 "Safety of water bottles, baby bottles questioned." ABC News. 3. Brenn-Struckhofova, Z. and M. Cichna-Markl, 2006 "Determination of bisphenol A in wine by sol-gel immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC and fluores - cence detection. Food Additives & Contaminants 23, 1227–1235. 4. Buglass, A.J. 2011 Handbook of alcoholic bever- ages: technical, analytical and nutritional aspects. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1086–1090. 5. Cadogan, D.F., and C.J. Howick. 2000 Plasticizers, in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a20_439. 6. Carlo, M.D., A. Pepe G. Sacchetti, JD. Compagnone, D. Mastrocola and C. Cichelli. 2008 "Determination of phthalate esters in wine using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatog - raphy-mass spectrometry." Food Chemistry. 111: 771–777. 7. Carrillo, J.D., M.P. Martínez and M.T. Tena. 2008 "Determination of phthalates in wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Use of deuterated phthalates as internal standards." J. of Chromatography A 1181, 125–130. 8. Cartridges and Elements for Wine Production [WWW Document], n.d. . Pall Corp. URL pall.com/ main/food-and-beverage/cartridges-and-elements- Designed For the Most Discriminating Winemakers • Our Bottling Lines are Maintained to the Highest Standards • Pricing & Flexibility Options – Unmatched • Smooth & Efficient Production • 12 Trucks Proudly Serving CA – OR – WA • Clean & Sanitary – Lowest Oxygen Pickup • Our Staff is Friendly & Accommodating Customer Service is Our Highest Priority www.signaturebottlers.com to see our video brochure Email: david@signaturebottlers.com Phone: 503.655.4012