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Grapegrowing S 752 S 4614 S 6468 S 3011 Sicilien Clairette Doree Ganzin Grosse Clairette V. rupestris Jaeger 70 V. lincecumii S 2003 Herbemont d'Aurelles S 2003-Berlandieri V. berlandieri V. labrusca Emily V. vinifera C 28-112 Dattier V. rupestris (Ganzin) Alicante Ganzin SV 12-417 S 452 S1 S 4595 Jaeger 70 Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 4 Alicante Bouschet V. rupestris Cinsaut S 14 S 405 Jaeger 70 V. vinifera S. 2 Chambourcin S. 85 Jaeger 70 V. vinifera vinifera cultivars. A good example of this is Seyval Blanc (Smithyman et al. 1997). A full crop can be produced when the vine has been pruned to zero count buds, with the consequence that crop control can be difficult without crop adjustment via fruit thinning. Further, it means that spring freeze bud loss is of much less concern, since the base buds can add production to replace crop reduced by frost damage. Finally, it also means that fruit on a vine may have fruit of two maturity levels, requiring harvest at different times or with different fruit chemistry levels at the same time. The significance of this with regard to subsequent wine quality is dependent on cultivar and wine style sought. From the outset of the Michigan efforts, there were problems related to attempts to produce and market quality varietally named hybrid wines. Those struggles continue, but several cultivars have succeeded in areas where wine is primarily marketed through tasting rooms. Among those with some success are Chambourcin, Chardonel, Seyval Blanc and Traminette. Most others are produced as multiple variety blends, especially reds (see table on page 80). There are three primary wine grapeproducing regions in Michigan. The two closest to Lake Michigan have the capacity to produce vinifera commercially, while the third does not. The third is nearly 100% hybrid and is successful because it consists of small operations that market the majority of their wine through tasting rooms. Aramon V. rupestris (Ganzin) Aramon V. rupestris V. lincecumii V. rupestris V. lincecumii Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 1 S 6905 (JS 26-205) Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 60 Aramon V. rupestris V. rupestris V. lincecumii Aramon V. rupestris Bourrisquou Bourrisquou X V. rupestris V. rupestris C 132-11 Blanc Royal Aramon Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 4 V. rupestris Alicante Ganzin Alicante Bouschet S 2510 Piquepoul V. riparia Clinton V. labrusca S 5163 Othello Black Hamburg (Othello X V. Rupestris) V. rupestris Gaillard 2 V. riparia Taylor V. labrusca Noah V. labrusca? V. labrusca Emily V. vinifera C 28-112 V. rupestris (Ganzin) S 880 V. rupestris Jaeger 70 V. lincecumii S 2003 Herbemont d'Aurelles Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 1 S. 4199 Chancellor (S 7053) Joannes Seyve produced the French-American interspecific hybrid grape variety Chambourcin. terrapin station Vidal Blanc (above) is a hybrid variety Jean Louis Vidal created from Trebbiano and Rayon d'Or. S 14 Vidal Blanc Trebbiano S 4986 Rayon d'Or S 405 Jaeger 70 V. vinifera V. rupestris V. lincecumii Aramon V. Rupestris Ganzin V. rupestris V. lincecumii Aramon Rupestris Ganzin 1 Aramon du Gard Jaeger 70 Aramon Lessons learned, future opportunities and challenges In locations where hybrid wine grapes have been cultivated and planted, each region's experience has many of the following developments in common: 1. Where vinifera varieties were not common, natively grown non-labrusca-based hybrids were evaluated and, if deemed adequately cold hardy and devoid of lab rusca's strong flavor, were planted for dry table wine (e.g., the Great Lakes region of the United States). 2. In France, hybrids arose as a result of vinifera sensitivity to phylloxera and fungal disease introductions. These fungal diseases resulted in hundreds of thousands of acres of hybrids being planted for lower Win es & Vin es F EB RUA RY 20 14 75