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28 WINES&VINES February 2018 VIEWPOINT and contribute to humus formation while help- ing to buffer very dry and very wet periods. Many Europeans equate limited soil mois- ture with their terroir expression and remain reluctant to irrigate. It should be noted, however, that many of these vineyards are on abundant underground aquifers. In many other regions of the world, aquifers are very deep, and thus the water is unavailable to vines. 3 Climate vari- ability may necessitate even more careful moni- toring and, perhaps, more irrigation. Ripening is dependent on a constant supply of hormones. Optimum hormone balance is de- pendent on continuous and moderate moisture stress and favorable soil temperatures. Therefore, irregular patterns of moisture stress and in- creased rainfall will certainly have an impact. 8 Another possible effect of climate change is diurnal temperature range (difference in tem- perature between day and night), which will decrease as carbon dioxide levels increase. 1,8 Such changes can influence fruit secondary metabolites such as aroma, flavor and phenolic compounds. Large differences in clouds, humid- ity and diurnal range—particularly in mid-lat- itudes and continental interiors—will continue to occur with a changing climate. 8 Winemaking issues Processing changes may need to be considered for both red and white cultivars. The following are a few winemaking issues that may be im- pacted by climate change: • Vintage-to-vintage variation, • Ripeness assessment, • Tannin and color, • Longevity/reductive strength, • Grape nitrogen, • Grape/must temperature, • Alcohol adjustments, • Need for flexibility in practices. Vintage variation Climate change may result in minimal impact on terroir expression due to the multitude of LALLEMAND CLIMATE CAN IMPACT PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS AT HARVEST Véraison Climate creates quantitative differences in the ratio of anthocyanins to skin tannin levels at harvest. The more anthocyanins there are relative to tannins, the 'finer' the tannins in fermented juice. g/L (Skin and seed tannins) / mg/L (Anthocynanins) HOT AREA Maturation TEMPERATE AREA Véraison Maturation g/L (Skin and seed tannins) / mg/L (Anthocynanins) n Anthocyanins (mg/L) n Skin tannins (g/L) n Seed tannins (g/L) 877.250.8435 | contact@agcode.com| agcode.com PLANRECORDPRODUCE THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE VINEYARDMANAGEMENT SOLUTION IN THE INDUSTRY Utilizing AgCode's AM3 Timecard Funtionality, available on all your Apple iOS devices, data collection from pesticide to labor mangement has never been easier! H&A's operaƟonal management program manages the financial and physical movement of your barrel inventory : Flexible leasing : add or remove barrels at any Ɵme OpƟmized cash-flow Cooper preferences respected Direct payment of cooper invoices in U$D or €uro Arrange logisƟcs and barrel removal from your cellar A guaranteed barrel buyback with the highest resale value $ Contact H&A Financing and Services 1505 Main St, St Helena, CA 94574 Tél (707) 523-112 - contact@ha-barrelmanagement.com www.ha-barrelmanagement.com - www.ha-usedbarrel.com BARREL MANAGEMENT