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WineEast with the peak of the emerging generation occurring by the first or second week of May. A second, less-populated generation of moths occurred in mid- to late June, and little or no activity was observed in traps or clusters in late June through July. GBM activity appears to drop off during the hot summer months, and therefore the bulk of insecticide treatments in Texas are targeted toward the first emerging genera- tion in the spring. While pheromone traps are long retired by growers after harvest, this does not suggest that GBM is not active during the postharvest period in the south. Sec- ondary clusters that are generally hard and green during harvest will often be found with GBM infestations in August and September, which suggests that a small population is surviving the summer heat and producing a possible third and fourth generation. Larvae from these secondary cluster infestations were sent to Penn State University to be included in a multi-state evaluation of diapause in GBM, which is A small population is surviving the summer heat and producing a possible third and fourth generation. essentially the onset of the dormant stage in which the insect remains in its pupal form for a period of time (during the win- ter.) Diapause is thought to help with win- ter survival and is brought about by subtle environmental cues such as changes in day length. Interestingly enough, the Penn State study showed that populations of GBM experiencing longer day length during THEY'LL KNOW YOU BY YOUR LABEL. Flexo Roll Printing Digital Sheet & Digital Roll Printing Die Cut, Foil Stamping & Embossing Branding & Design Services Knowledgeable of TTB Regulations WRIGHT® Global Graphic Solutions P.O. Box 1069 • Thomasville, NC USA 27361 800.678.9019 • www.wrightlabels.com 108 WINES & VINES NOVEMBER 2012 Grapegrowing the post-summer solstice in the south (Arkansas, Texas, Virginia) responded dif- ferently than populations from the north- east (Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania), indicating that GBM may remain active year-round at some latitudes found in the Gulf Coast region,3 been documented. although this has not As mentioned above, the behavior of GBM appears to differ in hot climates. The extended warm period and greater DD ac- cumulation found in southern grapegrowing regions would lead scientists to presume that there are a greater number of GBM lifecycles. However, the temperature is often too hot to favor activity of developing eggs and larvae for many of the mid- to late summer months. Furthermore, many grape varieties ripen very quickly in the Texas climate, which translates to less exposure to multiple gen- erations of moths. For example Blanc Du Bois, the major white grape variety in the Gulf Coast region, ripens about 110 days after bud break, on average. This suggests that for an early season variety, if a single, Wine Packaging by Naylor WPN is a premier supplier to over 2,000 wineries, wine & spirits shops & distributors in the US & Ca. Our automatic bottom wine carriers come in 2, 3, 4 & 6 bottle sizes. The perfect sturdy solution for your retail sales! These items are biodegradable & recyclable. We have Fed Ex & UPS approved shipping boxes for 750ML bottles. Don't trust your wine to anyone other than a winemaker. Wine Packaging by Naylor 4138 Vineyard Rd. Stewartstown, PA 17363 (800) 292-3370 sales@naylorwine.com Naylor Wine Cellars has been a winery for over thirty-five years & is a lifetime member of Wine America, Pennsylvania Wine Assoc., Ohio Wine Producers & the New York Wine & Grape Foundation. Product discounts given to Wine America & Ohio Wine Producer members. www.naylorpackaging.com