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June 2016 WINES&VINES 53 PRACTICAL WINERY & VINEYARD GRAPEGROWING and crop load (yield weight:pruning weight) were not different in any year that they were measured. When similar timing and severity of leaf removal treatments were applied by S. Staff et al., yield and pruning weights were reduced in 50% and 100% leaf-removal treat- ments compared to no leaf removal due to a lack of shoot growth at the time of leaf removal. 53 In studies where leaf removal has altered vine growth, the treatments were applied in earlier growth stages such as pre-bloom and/ or had more significant leaf area removed, thereby affecting vine carbohydrate assimila- tion and physiological development. 1,37,57 As long as leaf removal is applied post-fruit set with only basal leaves removed, studies have shown no effect on vine yield, pruning weights or crop load. 26 Cluster exposure: Leaf removal effectively altered the percent of ambient PAR measured in the cluster zone at 10 a.m. (2010 and 2011) and 2:30 p.m. (all three years), but there was no effect at solar noon. The percent of PAR was highest in vines with 100% leaf removal (p<0.0001), and the vines with 50% and IS leaf removal had similar levels of PAR (see "Cluster Zone Sunlight Exposure" on page 52). The lack of difference in incident light mea- sured in the cluster zone at solar noon was expected and is in agreement with other re- search conducted on vertically shoot-posi- tioned canopies, since the sun is positioned directly overhead, causing blockage of light to the fruit zone by the wall of canopy. 38 Grape chemical composition Fruit maturity parameters: When comparing A R C H I T E C T U R E D E S I G N P L A N N I N G M A N A G E M E N T 7 0 7 . 9 3 5 . 7 9 4 4 www.strataap.com 1_6 Ad_2015.indd 1 11/5/2015 10:54:11 AM TTB LABEL APPROVALS Low per-label costs Gov't. Liaison Negotiations or Footwork Reasonable Hourly Rates TRADEMARK SEARCHES As Low as $185 Your trade names or designs are searched at the U.S. Patent Office to help establish valuable ownership or avoid costly legal liability. Over 100 years' total staff experience handling every government liaison need for industry. Phone or write for details. 200 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 321 Arlington, Virginia 22203 Phone: (703) 524-8200 Fax: 525-8451 TOLL-FREE 1-800-642-6564 Major Credit Cards Accepted www.trademarkinfo.com Since 1957 GovtLiaison_Dir08 11/29/07 2:00 PM Pag One-hundred percent of leaves are removed from the cluster zone (above), starting from the base of the shoot up to the node above the top-most cluster. PATTY SKINKIS