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SECTION HEADER 4 WINES&VINES February 2016 6 Connect With Us 8 Editor's Letter 81 Advertiser Index METRICS 10 U.S. Wine Market Reaches $38 Billion in 2015. NEWS 16 Top Stories Don't Rely on El Niño; Distributors Change Landscape. 25 Regional News 75 Eastern News Paradise Springs Opens Calif. Facility. PRODUCTS 30 News Perle de Quintessence Fermentation Barrel. FACES & FORUMS 82 Direct-to-Consumer Wine Symposium. 30 Contents PUBLISHING INFORMATION: Volume 97 Number 2. Wines & Vines, ISSN 043-583X, a member of Wine Communications Group, Sonoma, Calif., is published monthly. Periodicals postage paid at San Rafael and at additional mailing offices. Reproduction in whole or part without permission is prohibited. Wines & Vines does not assume responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts or materials. Contributors are responsible for the proper release of proprietary and/or classified information. Wines & Vines is distributed through an audited circulation. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: U.S., $38; Canada/Mexico, $48; All other countries, $85 (for airmail add $85). POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Wines & Vines, PO Box 1649, Boulder, CO 80306-1649. VINEYARD VIEW 34 Inputs Business Impedes Sustainability Sales-based commissions could lead to overuse of inputs. By Cliff Ohmart VIEWPOINT 38 Predicting Mergers, Acquisitions in 2016 M&A activity unlikely to reach value exchanged in 2015, but more trans- actions are coming. By Mario Zepponi, George Coope and David Von Stroh BARRELS & OAK ALTERNATIVES 44 Tools for Stave Selection and Toasting Uncovering the impact of oak on wine style and composition. By M.L. Badet-Murat, J.C. Vicard, A.A. Watrelot and J.A. Kennedy 56 Product Focus: New Barrels and Toasts Coopers offer restraint to highlight fruit flavors. By Andrew Adams WINEMAKING 59 Loss of Wine Color and Polymeric Pigment Measuring the effects of malolactic fermentation and possible mechanisms. By James Osborne and Tresider Burns 63 Technical Spotlight: Cairdean Vineyards Napa winery engineered for data-driven winemaking. By Andrew Adams 76 The Two Faces of Ice Wine Production Frozen on the vine or in a commercial freezer, both styles are difficult to ferment and clarify. By Ray Pompilio 76 63 21