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p r a c t i c a l w i n e r y & v i n e ya r d J a n U a r y 2 0 1 5 50 b o o K E x C E r P t Bibliography 1. Practical Considerations for Reducing Frost Damage in Vineyards. M.C.T. Trought, G.S. Howell and N. Cherry Report to New Zealand Winegrowers: 1999. 2. Frost/Freeze Protection for Horticultural Crops, Katharine B. Perry, Ph.D. Extension Agricultural Meteorologist College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, North Carolina State University. 3. Practical Considerations for Reducing Frost Damage in Vineyards. M.C.T. Trought, G.S. Howell and N. Cherry Report to New Zealand Winegrowers: 1999 (cited Johnson and Howell, 1981). onto the plant, super cooling of the plant tissue is enhanced. The vine will experi- ence less damage than if the dew point were higher allowing water and ice to form on the vine. Surface water on the vine, such as is left on after a rain will act as a stimulus for ice within the bud. High relative humidity can have a similar impact on super cooling as sur- face water does. Ice crystal formation on the bud surface can serve to inoculate the tissue and canes. 3 Natural formation of ice on vines due to water precipitation from the air or residual rainfall/irrigation water left on the vine is not the same as continuous over-vine irrigation for frost protection. PWV Steve Hammersmith is president and CEO of Shur Farms Frost Protection. He served more than a decade as a hydraulic systems designer for Motion Industries (Division of Genuine Parts Co.). He was president and chief hydraulics designer for RPT Industrial Technologies for nine years. Hammersmith studied and apprenticed more than eight years under Dr. Rafael Guarga, Engineer prof. emeritus and president of the University of Uruguay while collaborating and develop- ing a new frost protection method of control- ling cold air flows and draining accumulated cold air masses. into the vineyard— heat only goes up, never down. The effect is to heat the cold air moving in from outside the vineyard (due to kata- batic flow or from a prevailing drift), and block its entrance by heating it and send- ing it upwards. Since it is this cold air that causes frost damage inside the vineyard, the avoidance of cold air entrance offers protection against frost damage. The coldest air molecules are the ones closest to the ground. These cold air mol- ecules will mostly avoid being heated and stopped because they will go under the heat wall, rendering this method only partly effective and hugely inefficient. The same effect can be accomplished with forced cold air drainage and barriers at a fuel use ratio a fraction of that of heat- ers, and with much greater effectiveness. MYTH — Natural ice formation on plants is good because ice formation releases heat and keeps the plants warmer. Reality— Natural ice formation on plant tissues, or white frost, will cause dam- age at higher temperatures than black frost conditions related to low relative humidity. During periods of low humidity where the temperature falls below the critical point but does not condense water or ice TheBIBstore.com — BIB bags, sizes 3L to 20L, box or pallet quantities. Lowest prices — we'll beat anyone's price. 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