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w i n e G R O WIN G was particularly important because it led to greater vine root growth, evident in heightened soil respiration in the herbicide-treated drip zone. These observations highlight how dynamic the soil carbon pool is and how the equilibrium state of carbon gain and loss depends upon soil moisture. Soil Vineyard Average CO2 Efflux 2009 2010 Figure 5: Soil respiration in 2009-10. The importance of rain is clear in comparing the profile of 2009 to 2010, the Mori_Nov05.qxtlatter being a year of much Page 1 9/19/05 3:29 PM higher rainfall. Also evident are the contribution of root flush and higher temperatures in the spring. nitrogen can control the rate of soil respiration since soil microbial organisms more easily consume organic matter with a low C:N ratio (6-12), leading to greater growth and respiration of organic matter and root exudates.4 Overall results indicated that the tilled cover-cropped tractor rows had the lowest soil-respiration rates. This was not unexpected, given this treatment also had the lowest soil carbon content. As soil organic carbon levels decrease, soil respiration will also generally decrease. In contrast, in the minimum-tilled tractor rows, undisturbed grape roots and increased root biomass from the barley cover crop seem to have produced higher soil respiration. The tilled cover-crop treatment did not appear to sequester as much carbon as the conventional tillage treatment, where resident vegetation (weeds) were tilled once per year. These observations point to the lasting effects of soil environmental changes created by tillage, more than to the loss of soil carbon witnessed directly after tillage. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from vineyard soils For N2O emissions, a field assessment was made at least twice per month. But climatic or cultural events with a clear Largest Manufacturer of Grape Stakes Nationwide! SUPPLIERS OF QUALITY VIRUS CERTIFIED GRAFTED GRAPEVINES Deadline for Custom Grafted Order For Spring Planting is January of Previous Year For Further Information & Pricing Please Call or Write 1912 Concession 4 R.R. #2 Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario, Canada LOS 1J0 Phone: 905-468-0822 Fax: 905-468-0344 Your Source for All Vineyard Trellising Supplies • Training Stakes • Anchors • Bird Netting • Crossarms • End Posts • Fencing • Grape Stakes • T Posts • Vine Protection • Wire • Wood Stakes • Tying Materials • Grow Tubes • And More! pr actica l win ery & vin eya r d N OVEM B ER 20 13 89