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grapegrowing For example, published analyses of the zinc content in Spanish red and white wines range between 3 and 5 ppb, and copper between 1 and 2 ppb. Yet the World Health Organization puts the detection threshold for zinc in water at 4 ppm and for copper at 3 ppm. In other words, the concentrations in wine would have to be more than 1,000 times greater for us to detect their presence. Note that these values are the minimum amounts needed for something to be perceived, and they are literally thresholds of detection, not recognition. We may detect there is something present, but humans are not capable of identifying the kind of metal it is. Moreover, at values much greater than the threshold levels, tasters report disagreeable sensations. Copper (above its taste threshold) gives "a detectable bad taste" and zinc "an undesirable astringent taste." These are hardly desirable attributes for a wine. Also, because these are thresholds for tasting in water, there are few compounds competing for taste (in tap water) and none in de-ionized water. (Incidentally, most bottled waters, which may have some sort of taste, are drawn from a well or spring having resided in an aquifer for a long period of time, and hence can have high levels of directly dissolved solutes—up to 5 parts per thousand and more. (W. Perkins, pers. com.) KELVIN COOPERAGE founded in 1963, is owned and operated by the McLaughlin family. • American white oak naturally aged in Louisville for 24 or 36 months from Kentucky and Minnesota. • French oak naturally aged in France for 36 months from Central/Northern France. • Hydra™ and Slow toasting methods available. • Limited annual production: 5,000 new Bordeaux/Burgundy barrels. • RESERVE American oak barrel, naturally aged 36 to 48 months. Controlled grain selection. Limited production. The Boswell Company (Western U.S. sales) Tel: 415.457.3955, Fax: 415.457.0304 www.boswellcompany.com email: staff@boswellcompany.com "Paper or Plantra " ® We perceive aroma (odor or smell)—with taste the other component of flavor—in our nasal passages. In order to reach the organoleptic receptors located there, a substance has to volatilize, that is, become vapor. Rocks and minerals cannot do this. The choice is yours! Cover with a carton or Jump Start the whole planting! New Vine or Orchard Tree Checklist Jump Start Grow Tubes Mini-greenhouse blocks wind without blocking optimal sunlight Uniform growth and full height reduce training trips Multi-year weed spray protection Obviously the detection thresholds must be vastly higher in wine, in the presence of the hosts of aromatic vinous compounds that give wine its flavor. For example, Sauvignon Blanc wines are often said to have marked minerality. Along with the several hundred organic substances that directly contribute to the wine character, the compounds particularly responsible for the P P P Paper Cartons NO NO NO Learn more at www.PLANTRA.com to Jump Start your new planting 800-951-3806 ©2013 Plantra, Inc. pr actica l win ery & vin eya rd MAY 20 13 67